http://www.southernhistory.us/Counties/c1esca.htm


James Innerarity's election as first Mobile city commissioner and other War of 1812 material from Nedra Innerarity:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/r/e/Nedra-A-Creamerinnerarity/FILE/0006text.txt

http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00103285/00001/21j Campbell's W.Florida book


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Masot

Forbes VS. Apalachicola Land Co. http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/260661?id=1

http://www.loc.gov/item/2005625323


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Apodaca


http://books.google.com/books?id=4p0YjjJ0zbMC&pg=PA172&lpg=PA172&dq=1818+forbes+choctawhatchee+cuba&source=bl&ots=5WtT7E9Dkg&sig=SdeR_Caw1u57lABO-PAsg8xJ1Gk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o229UpqNEfazsATRyYDwDQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=1818%20forbes%20choctawhatchee%20cuba&f=false

Thomas D. Watson http://www.electricscotland.com/history/world/leslie.pdf

Spanish land grants http://www.floridamemory.com/collections/spanishlandgrants/wpa7.php
By Article VIII of the treaty of February 22, 1819, whereby Spain ceded the Floridas to the United States, all Spanish grants of land made prior to January 25, 1818, the date on which the King of Spain definitely expressed his willingness to negotiate, were to be "ratified and confirmed to the persons in possession of the lands, to the same extent that the said grants would be valid if the territories had remained under the domain of his Catholic Majesty." Owners in possession of such lands who, by reason of the recent circumstances of the Spanish nation and the revolutions, had been prevented from fulfilling all the conditions of their grants, were to be permitted an equal time to complete them after the date of the treaty. Grants subsequent to January 24, 1818, were to be considered null and void. (70) The treaty was not ratified and proclaimed until February 22, 1821 (71) and yet another year passed before a permanent territorial government was established in Florida by the Act of March 30, 1822. (72)
http://www.historicmapworks.com/Atlas/US/33623/Florida+1829+State+Map/


http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flwfgs/1988-8-Footprints.pdf



http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1552


Florida map   http://scholar.library.miami.edu/floridamaps/view_image.php?image_name=dlp00020001050001001&group=territorial

review of Knetch's book  http://myfloridahistory.org/fhspress/joe_knetsch.htm


Robert Butler's term  http://books.google.com/books?id=y98lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=%22ROBERT+BUTLER%22+SURVEYOR+FLORIDA&source=bl&ots=gkFFpopZa7&sig=qvqYleDFNpZMZFTD66snY4W-v6A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WU64UrryDeHesATjkoDAAw&ved=0CHQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22ROBERT%20BUTLER%22%20SURVEYOR%20FLORIDA&f=false

Tallahassee Meridian marker http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/117176


http://robertoreg.blogspot.com/2009_01_04_archive.html

http://www.floridabar.org/DIVCOM/JN/JNJournal01.nsf/0/c435c98b58d7ceff85256dad00464a46?OpenDocument

Today,Saturday, December 14, 2013, started out as a good day.

I went shopping, did some chores and, at about 3, I went off on my walk.

I walked down North Seward Court to the rotary, straddled the silt fence and walked east over the bridge towards the cart trail around old Hole 11. I then walked the trail around Hole 12, Hole 13, Hole 14, and walked down  to the bridge on Hole 16. As I recrossed the bridge and came up the hill heading back to the club house, I saw a man coming down the hill dressed in white coveralls carrying a high powered rifle with a scope walking toward me.

It was at appoximately 4:40 P.M.
I yelled, "God damn, man, hunting on Beech Creek property? Is that your God damn deal!"

I'm kinda hard of hearing so I may not have heard everything he said as we approached each other but when we were face to face he asked, "What is Beech Creek?"

I said,"It's this property! This is a subdivision called Beech Creek and I live here. What are you doing hunting here?"

He said, "I'm lost. I started off over by the railroad track, got lost and I'm trying to get back."

I said,"Well, I've already found three tree stands on this property and I don't appreciate you being here because I walk out here all the time and I don't want to get shot."

I was a little loud so my words spooked a deer near us.
On this past Thursday afternoon I'd spooked a herd of seven deer at that Hole 16 bridge.

He asked me if hunting was allowed and I said,"God damn, I hope not!"

We parted, him heading east down the cart trail toward the Hole 16 bridge.
I was walking up the hill when I heard him ask me something.
I turned around and asked him to repeat himself.

 He asked."Have you heard anybody shooting here this afternoon?" and I replied," No, you got about 15 minutes. You ought to be able to get back to the railroad tracks without getting shot."

Five minutes later as I approached the end of the cart trail beside Stepney Road, I heard a gunshot.

This was a bad experience for me.

In my professional life as a high school teacher in Birmingham, I was unarmed and on many occasions I had to disarmed students carrying pistols.
 On one occasion, a student pointed a rifle at me.

Today started out as a good day but it turned into a bummer.

James Innerarity's election as first Mobile city commissioner and other War of 1812 material:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/r/e/Nedra-A-Creamerinnerarity/FILE/0006text.txt


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INbt8KM2lF8

http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/hs3/hs3_knetsch.pdf

Raise your glass to the hard working people
Lets drink to the uncounted heads
Lets think of the wavering millions
Who need leaders but get gamblers instead

Lets drink to the hard working people
Lets drink to the lowly of birth
Raise your glass to the good and the evil
Lets drink to the salt of the earth
(M. Jagger/ K. Richards) 

THE CIVIL WAR SALT MAKERS OF ST. ANDREWS BAY: THE SALT OF THE EARTH

The story of the Civil War in Florida is one long drawn out drama characterized by deprivation and tragedy. Less than a month after secession and two months before the war even started, the New York Times reported massive inflation in Florida and that the price of slaves had dropped by one half in the past six months. Small town businesses were already closing and poor people were going hungry. 

On Friday, April 19, 1861, only one week after the first shell was fired on Ft. Sumter, President Abraham Lincoln issued a "Proclamation of Blockade Against Southern Ports". By June, the blockade had already begun at Apalachicola and September saw the first naval action of the Civil War occur in Pensacola harbor. From the very beginning of this awful war, anyone who thought they could sail out of St. Andrews Bay in their sloop or schooner in hopes of going fishing or engaging in the coastal trade was in for a rude awakening. The Civil War came to Northwest Florida coast right from the very get-go.

You know there's a lot of truth to that old expression,"You don't know what you got 'til it's gone."
How many times have you heard someone exclaim, "I can't imagine living down here in the summer without AC!" Well, imagine living down here without refrigeration as well. There was one main way to preserve food in 1861 and that was with salt and President Lincoln's naval blockade had an immediate impact on salt. The people of Florida at the time of the Civil War probably used more salt per capita than any group of people who have ever walked on the face of the earth. No one worried about extracting it from seawater. That was too much trouble. Hell, you could get a 200 pound sack for just about nothing on the docks at Apalach. It came over as ballast from the European ships loading cotton. You may not have been keeping up with the news in 1862 but suddenly you noticed something truly strange and unusual. There was no salt.

It got really, really bad in a world without salt. No one realized how valuable and vital salt was until it was gone.Salt served as preservative, disinfectant, seasoning and fertilizer. When it got to be hog killing time in the autumn of 1862, there was no reason to kill the hogs because you couldn't cure the meat. The Confederacy started making wooden soles for canvas shoes because without salt no one could tan leather. Livestock suffered. Without salt, the Confederate army couldn't make disinfectant to clean the wounds of the injured.

Suddenly a new industry designed to extract salt from sea water popped up on the shallow, secluded shores of St. Andrews Bay. By 1862, hundreds of salt works dotted the landscape from Phillips Inlet all the way to California Bayou in East Bay. The Confederate government exempted salt workers from conscription so St. Andrews Bay suddenly had a huge influx of draft dodgers and in a world at war even the draft dodger had to prove he was "worth his salt." The only way you could keep your draft exemption was to produce over 1000 pounds of salt a day. You had everything from "Mom and Pop" operations with a single kettle to huge factories over a hundred feet long with a hundred kettles boiling 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Pretty soon as many as 2500 men were out in the salt marsh digging brine wells, chopping wood, stoking fires, dipping boiling brine and making salt in the St. Andrews Bay area and 4000 wagons pulled by teams of mules and oxen were employed in moving the product north to Eufaula so the railroad could transport it to Montgomery and from there to a salt hungry Confederacy.

It didn't take long for the Gulf Blockading Squadron headquartered at Pensacola's Ft. Pickens to target this wartime industry for destruction. Many of these military missions are described in the official military records and the record reveals that St. Andrews Bay experienced repeated amphibious search and destroy missions from the U.S. Navy's sailors and marines from September of 1862 until February of 1865.  The blockading squadron made up mainly of gunboats constructed from sidewheel steamers and bark rigged clipper ships built their naval blockade station, barracks, wharf, refugee camp, prison and cemetery on Hurricane Island, the barrier island that once existed at the mouth of the channel entering St. Andrews Bay. John A. Burgess in his 1986 book, SAND IN MY SHOES, uses a  June 1985 Panama City News-Herald column by Marlene Womack and concludes from her information that by 1934 all traces of Hurricane Island disappeared underneath the waters of the Gulf but that during the Civil War the island existed "in the open channel approximately one mile east south-east of the present day land's end (the eastern tip of today's Sand Island)." In 2013, the former land's end of Shell Island would now be a portion of Tyndall Beach. 

The purpose of this article is not to chronicle the merciless and persistent destruction which the salt makers of St. Andrews Bay experienced from the U.S. Navy but to describe the industrial plants which the Union was unable to exterminate and which, like the mythical Phoenix, arose from the ashes as fast as the navy could demolish them.

Thanks to an aging matron from Tallahassee who decided to publish her Civil War diaries in 1925, we have a contemporary description of one of the small "Mom and Pop" operations which was built on Apalachee Bay east of St. Andrews. For our purposes this diary entry best captures life at a typical single syrup kettle Gulf Coast salt works.

October 27th, 1863.—We went to the salt works today and, though I am tired and dirty and have no good place to write, I am going to try to tell you about it.

A year ago salt began to get scarce but the people only had to economize in its use, but soon there was no salt and then Father got Cousin Joe Bradford to come down from Georgia and take charge of some salt works he was having installed on the coast. He had plenty of hands from the plantation but they had to have an intelligent head and then, too, it is a rather dangerous place to work, for the Yankee gunboats can get very near the coast and they may try shelling the works.

Though they have been in operation quite awhile this is my first visit. Father brought us with him and we will stay three days, so he can see just how they are getting on. We are to sleep in a tent, on a ticking filled with pine straw. It will be a novel experience.

I am so interested in seeing the salt made from the water. The great big sugar kettles are filled full of water and fires made beneath the kettles. They are a long time heating up and then they boil merrily. Ben and Tup and Sam keep the fires going, for they must not cool down the least little bit. A white foam comes at first and then the dirtiest scum you ever saw bubbles and dances over the surface, as the water boils away it seems to get thicker and thicker, at last only a wet mass of what looks like sand remains. This they spread on smooth oaken planks to dry. In bright weather the sun does the rest of the work of evaporation, but if the weather is bad fires are made just outside of a long, low shelter, where the planks are placed on blocks of wood. The shelter keeps off the rain and the fires give out heat enough to carry on the evaporation. The salt finished in fair weather is much whiter and nicer in every way than that dried in bad weather, but this dark salt is used to salt meat or to pickle pork. I think it is fine of Father to do all this. It is very troublesome and it takes nine men to do the work, besides Cousin Joe’s time; and Father does not get any pay whatever for the salt he makes.

We expected to have a grand time swimming and fishing. We are both good swimmers, but Father and Cousin Joe will not allow us to go outside of this little cove. Yankee gun-boats have been sighted once lately and there is no knowing when the salt works may be attacked.

http://www.nytimes.com/1861/02/04/news/effect-s-of-secession-in-florida.html

http://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Saltworks.pdf

October 27th, 1863.—We went to the salt works today and, though I am tired and dirty and have no good place to write, I am going to try to tell you about it.

A year ago salt began to get scarce but the people only had to economize in its use, but soon there was no salt and then Father got Cousin Joe Bradford to come down from Georgia and take charge of some salt works he was having installed on the coast. He had plenty of hands from the plantation but they had to have an intelligent head and then, too, it is a rather dangerous place to work, for the Yankee gunboats can get very near the coast and they may try shelling the works.

Though they have been in operation quite awhile this is my first visit. Father brought us with him and we will stay three days, so he can see just how they are getting on. We are to sleep in a tent, on a ticking filled with pine straw. It will be a novel experience.

I am so interested in seeing the salt made from the water. The great big sugar kettles are filled full of water and fires made beneath the kettles. They are a long time heating up and then they boil merrily. Ben and Tup and Sam keep the fires going, for they must not cool down the least little bit. A white foam comes at first and then the dirtiest scum you ever saw bubbles and dances over the surface, as the water boils away it seems to get thicker and thicker, at last only a wet mass of what looks like sand remains. This they spread on smooth oaken planks to dry. In bright weather the sun does the rest of the work of evaporation, but if the weather is bad fires are made just outside of a long, low shelter, where the planks are placed on blocks of wood. The shelter keeps off the rain and the fires give out heat enough to carry on the evaporation. The salt finished in fair weather is much whiter and nicer in every way than that dried in bad weather, but this dark salt is used to salt meat or to pickle pork. I think it is fine of Father to do all this. It is very troublesome and it takes nine men to do the work, besides Cousin Joe’s time; and Father does not get any pay whatever for the salt he makes.

We expected to have a grand time swimming and fishing. We are both good swimmers, but Father and Cousin Joe will not allow us to go outside of this little cove. Yankee gun-boats have been sighted once lately and there is no knowing when the salt works may be attacked.

Salt works Children playing along the Lake Powell beach in the early 1900s, often found old salt kettles and boilers that were remnants of the time when salt making flourished here during the Civil War. Those making salt produced it by boiling seawater into brine and drying it in the sun. Men turning out 20 bushels of salt per day were exempt from conscription into the Confederate army. Kent's Salt Works, which consisted of three different camps, was located off the old wagon road with Lake Powell known as Lake Ocala at that time. Those employed at the camps used six steamboat boilers cut in half lengthwise and seven huge kettles. These boilers and kettles turned out 130 bushels of salt per day. On Dec. 2, 1863, Union forces raided these camps, sledgehammered the equipment and tossed all the freshly made salt into the lake. They sank two large flatboats, demolished six oxcarts and took 17 workers as prisoners, but paroled them after they swore allegiance to the United States.

James Innerarity's election as first Mobile city commissioner and other War of 1812 material: http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/c/r/e/Nedra-A-Creamerinnerarity/FILE/0006text.txt

William Brownrigg's THE ART OF MAKING COMMON SALT (LONDON, 1748)
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=H6wAAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR17

Includes Phillip Zaret's article about references to coffee and salt in Civil War manuscripts in the University of Michigan Library  http://cooks.aadl.org/files/cooks/repast/2011_Summer.pdf

History of Salt http://www.scribd.com/doc/118089650/Salt-A-World-History

U.S.S. Tritonia used to destroy salt works at SALT HOUSE POINT on Bon Secour Bay. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tritonia_(1863)

http://www.lat34north.com/historicmarkersal/MarkerDetail.cfm?KeyID=02-36&MarkerTitle=Vicinity%20of%20Salt%20Works%20and%20Camp%20Anderson

Earl Bowden article http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19600904&id=5fojAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4AQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4789,2267940

Salt works- Brough http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~alcbonse/history4.html

Harpers 1857 article about a salt works http://dmme.virginia.gov/DGMR/pdf/vamin/VAMIN_VOL42_NO03.pdf

HOW TO MAKE SALT FROM SEA WATER
http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/lecontej/leconte.html

SALTVILLE http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/january/saltville-virginia.htm

DEDICATED TO THE INDEFATIGABLE SPIRIT OF THE CONFEDERATE BLOCKADE RUNNERS & SALT MAKERS OF THE GULF COAST

http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19631205&id=aHhhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AgUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2399,1190706

1866 Harper's Article http://books.google.com/books?id=QnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA714&lpg=PA714&dq=%22kent's+salt+works%22&source=bl&ots=b3zhK-ehlC&sig=NXPnBwIjkyx2MN7JRzqhTj2hTcw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pLWgUpScEIblsASexoD4Dw&sqi=2&ved=0CEgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22kent's%20salt%20works%22&f=false


http://privatepropertynotrespass.blogspot.com/2010/06/when-you-gonna-be-carillon-i-am-worlds.html

A Confederate Salt Kettle in Alabama (many thanks to Butch)

Scarlett: But you are a blockade runner. 
Rhett Butler: For profit, and profit only. 
Scarlett: Are you tryin' to tell me you don't believe in the cause? 
Rhett Butler: I believe in Rhett Butler, he's the only cause I know. 


http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/squeezing-the-south-into-submission/

Andrew F. Smith STARVING THE SOUTH http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_the_civil_war_era/v003/3.1.bonner.html

http://www.thewakullanews.com/content/confederate-salt-works-st-andrews-bay-apalachee-bay

An Albatross Around the Neck of the Union: The Confederate Salt Makers of St. Andrews Bay

The St. Andrews Bay area's Civil War claim to fame is that the largest salt works in Florida were located here around Lake Powell at Phillips Inlet, West Bay, North Bay, Callaway Bayou and California Bayou in East Bay. These salt factories were owned by individuals and the Confederate government in Richmond as well as the Confederate governments of Alabama, Georgia 

and Florida. At many times during the three years from 1862 to 1865 as many as 2500 men along with 4000 wagons were involved in producing and transporting St. Andrews Bay salt. This immense industry did not exist before 1862 and it ceased to exist after 1865 as soon as normal channels of commerce were established after the war ended. 

A hungry Confederacy demanded salt and after Lincoln's naval blockading Anaconda Plan began, there was no salt to be had. No salt for food preservation. No salt for tanning leather. No salt for horses, mules and livestock. Prices for salt soared to one dollar a pound but in most cases no amount of Confederate money could buy salt but salt was essential to life so St. Andrews Bay became the site of an extremely lucrative enterprise during an extremely critical time.

There was never enough salt. In the present day, genealogists probe the salt rationing lists issued at Alabama, Georgia and Florida court houses. These lists tell us which individuals were judged to be worthy enough to be given the privilege of being allowed to buy salt during this most violent and extended drama in our history.

Most everyone in Florida started off the year 1861 with the attitude of "The Rights of The South At All Hazard!" but it didn't take long for little personal problems like death and suffering to override politics and by autumn of 1862, war weariness had already settled over the Confederacy.